Archive for the ‘International Antitrust’ Category
Competition Video
The video footage of the 2011 ICN conference was just posted online. It confirms several “on-the-spot” impressions:
- Our dutch friends still use human navigation systems, 0’52
- White walls and black doors make a “boombastic“, “unique” architecture, 1’03
- Museums can be funny places, 1’57 (I will not disclose identities)
- Live performance piracy was pervasive, 3’11
- Some people were very hungry when they reached The Hague, 3’50
- John
TurturroFingleton attended the event, 4’05 - Speeches during black-tie dinners can actually be hilarious, 7’16
- Excellent officials also have terrific dancing skills (check the video on the left, in the back), 7’40-7’42
More seriously, the conference was a great event.
Indian Merger Control Rules Enter into Force
June 1st 2011 will be remembered in the history of international antitrust as the date when Indian rules establishing a system of merger control entered into force. Considering India´s rapid rise as an economic superpower it´s safe to guess that India will soon be at the forefront of international antitust.
The text of the merger regulations is available here.
From now on we will certainly monitor any interesting developments coming from India.
Best of lucks to the Competition Commission of India!
IMEDIPA Conference on Competition Law and Policy
The 5th International IMEDIPA Conference on Competition Law and Policy will be held in Athens on May 27th -28th under the auspices of the Hellenic Competition Commission and the Competition Authority of Cyprus.
Aside from the venue, this Conference has many other attractives: a very comprehensive program, an impressive line-up of speakers, and a very affordable price (which is quite rare in the world of competition law conferences).
The program and registration information are available here.
(Thanks to George Pedakakis for the pointer!)
The end of the US Microsoft case
13 years ago the US Department of Justice together with several States filed a suit against Microsoft that marked the beginning of what still remains as the most significant case in contemporary antitrust, and one that led to many changes in the way we approach high-tech markets, and antitrust enforcement in general.
The history of the US v. Microsoft antitrust battles is too rich in details to be summarized here, but those interested in a great brief explanation should watch this video in which Phil Malone (who was one of the leading prosecutors for the Antitrust Division -and also my Professor at Harvard Law School- makes this long story short).
But now more than ever, all of that pertains to history. The oversight mandated by the 2001 settlement (reached right after the DC Circuit Corut reversed part of the District Corut´s decision which had ruled for the Governmment) will expire on May 12th. However, the last oversight hearing before Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly occurred on April 27th and marks, in practice, the end of the story. In the words of Judge Kollar-Kotelly, the effective end of the Microsoft case “will close an important chapter in the history of antitrust law“.
I missed this in the selection of news that had taken place during our days off, and I have, very rightly, been “reprehended” for this omission by Craig Farringer, Assistant Attorney General for the District of Columbia, and one of the members of the so-called “California Group”. (as some of you will recall, several States decided in November of 2001 that they did not want to accept the settlement proposed by Microsoft; this lead to a full evidentiary remedy hearing which resulted in the California Group Final Judgment). Craig Farringer (who also had extremely nice words for this blog, for which we´re grateful) has sent us a picture of some California Group lawyers and experts taken moments after the status conference outside the Prettyman courthouse in Washington. Here it is:
(Pictured from left to right is Adam Miller of California, the now famous technical expert Craig Hunt, Layne Lindebak of Iowa, Stephen Houck (who signed the original complaint lodged by the States in 1998), economics expert Chuck Clarke, and Craig Farringer).
Our congratulations to all those who worked on the case, be it for the DOJ, for the States, for Microsoft or for other third parties involved in the case.
And, by the way, on this side of the Atlantic the General Court has scheduled for May 24th the hearing on Microsoft’s appeal against the Commission´s findings of non-compliance with the 2004 decision, which led to an additional 899 million euro fine.
Competition Law and Sport (VI) The NFL Lockout
Our “competition law and sport” series (see posts I, II, III, IV, and V) was born out of our belief that the application of competition law to the world of sports has a tremendous potential that still today remains to a great extent unexplored in the EU. As I´ve said before, not only are sports-related cases some of the most visible ones at the EU level (for the general public Bosman is very likely the best known ECJ Judgment of all times), but given the peculiar features of the activities and markets at stake they also raise particularly interesting issues that push competition law outside of its comfort area, some of which we´ve previously discussed here.
In the US they were much quicker than us to realize that. In fact, the application of the antitrust laws has shaped much of the current organization of professional sport. A good and very hot illustration of this influence is the controversy surrounding the NFL lock out, which was recently challenged on antitrust grounds by several NFL players, including superstars Tom Brady, Peyton Manning and Drew Brees (Read their complaint here). The players also asked for an injunction to freeze the lock out that was finally granted last Monday.
Background and issues in a nutshell: the activities of all major leagues have enjoyed until now some degree of inmunity to the application of antitrust laws. The clearest example is baseball, which enjoys a controverted antitrust exemption that was ratified by the Supreme Court in Flood v Kuhn (1972) on the basis of a really absurd reasoning that put a curious interpretation of stare decisis before sound legal reasoning and common sense. Other sports have not been treated with so much deference, and so they have resorted to collective bargaining so as to escape the application of the Sherman Act. That was the case of the NFL, which, until now, had always negotiated all sorts of issues with the players union (NFLPA).
On March 11th, and in light of the unlikelihood of reaching a satisfactory deal on how to divvy up the $ 9.3 billion that the NFL makes, franchise owners announced a lock out (which, amongst others, implies no salary, no hiring, and no access to training facilities) (btw, it seems that the NFL´s tactics are somehow similar, and coincidental in time, to those of the Republican party..) and players decided to decertify their union and cease the collective bargaining process in order to deactivate the non-statutory exemption and lodge an antitrust complaint (see the link above for the content of the complaint).
The complaint challenges the compatibility with Section 1 of the Sherman Act some of the NFL´s basic arrangements, namely those related to salary caps, drafting of new players and free agent restraints, as well as of the lock out itself.
On Monday, Judge Nelson (District Court for the District of Minnesota) issued an order granting an injunction which freezes the lock out (finding that players/plaintiffs have a fair chance of prevailing and that absent the injuction they would suffer irreparable harm). The order, however, does not deal with the merits of most of the players´claims, and rather states that “[r]esolution of the issue of whether the exemption precludes relief on the NFL’s various Player restraints must await another day”. (Click here to read the order).
If the litigation were to reach an outcome in the form of an Opinion on the merits (which is not so obvious in light of the White v NFL precedent and of the ongoing court-ordered mediation talks) that would mean that a court would undertake a competitive assessment of several practices that have never carefully scrutinized so far. This could most certainly have an impact on the debate surrounding the possible implementation of salary caps and other similar arrangements in European sports and particularly on their assessment under EU competition rules. We´ll deal with those in future posts.
We´re back. And a few things happened while we were away
We´re back on track. Since, strangely enough, the world didn´t stop turning in our absence, there have been a number of interesting developments worth noting. Some of them will be the object of specific posts in the coming days, but, for the moment, here´s a choice of three: one from the EU, one from the US, and one from a third jurisdiction (Mexico), which are related to matters that have recently been/will soon be discussed on this blog:
Europe: Last Tuesday Commissioner Almunia delivered a speech at the GCLC´s Fifth Evening Policy Talk (by the way, the director of the host institution, who happens to be my co-blogger, Monsieur Petit, was absent; how rude is that?? 😉
Commissioner Almunia spoke about the “resilience and adaptability” of the competitition rules; he highlighted the four commitment decisions adopted by the Commission in the energy sector, pointed out that competition enforcement can achieve objectives other than the efficiency of markets (resorting to the example of facilitating generic entry into pharma markets), and insisted on the necessary complementarity of regulation and competition (with his eyes set on financial markets).
In addition, and very interestingly, Mr. Almunia announced plans to aim for a “better targetting” of State aid control, noting that the Commission´s services currently have too much on their plate. It will be most interesting to see the practicalities of how the Commission intends to “refocus” its resources on the State aid field. In the coming days one of the greatest experts on State aid matters will express his views on these plans on Chillin´Competition.
United States: More Google News (and this time we’re far from being the first ones commenting on them…). On earlier posts we referred to the controversy surrounding the Google/ ITA software deal. Some days ago the parties entered into a consent decree which imposes a set of detailed “regulatory” conditions upon Google’s future operation of ITA that would resolve all of the DOJ’s competitive concerns. Those concerns essentially related to the possibility of other flight search companies being foreclosed from access to QPX (ITA’s airfare pricing and shopping software). A press release from the DOJ briefly describes the conditions imposed by the consent decree in the following terms:
Under the proposed settlement, Google will be required to continue to license ITA’s QPX software to airfare websites on commercially reasonable terms. QPX conducts searches for air travel fares, schedules and availability. Google will also be required to continue to fund research and development of that product at least at similar levels to what ITA has invested in recent years. Google will also be required to further develop and offer ITA’s next generation InstaSearch product to travel websites, which will provide near instantaneous results to certain types of flexible airfare search queries. InstaSearch is currently not commercially available, but is in development by ITA.
To prevent abuse of commercially sensitive information, Google will be required to implement firewall restrictions within the company that prevent unauthorized use of competitively sensitive information and data gathered from ITA’s customers. The proposed settlement delineates when and for what purpose that data may be used by Google. Google is also prohibited from entering into agreements with airlines that would inappropriately restrict the airlines’ right to share seat and booking class information with Google’s competitors. Finally, the proposed settlement provides for a formal reporting mechanism for complainants if Google acts in an unfair manner.
(For a more detailed explanation on these conditions read the Proposed Final Judgment. Other documentation related to the case can be found here).
The consent decree is subject to the US District Court for the District of Columbia’s approval, and must now go through a 60 day comment period. As all Google-related stuff, the consent decree has instantly spurred different sorts of enthusiastic reactions. Google is excited because the deal is now “cleared for take off”, and rivals are happy too because one of the conditions imposed by the consent decree effectively creates a mechanism for the continued scrutiny of a narrow part of Google’s activities. Any reactions from our readers?
International antitrust: The impact of competition law is becoming increasingly more noticeable in Latin America. The Mexican Federal Competition Commission (COFECO) imposed a record MXN12 billion (USD 1 billion= 865 million euros) penalty on Telcel (a subsidiary of America Movil, owned by Carlos Slim). The sanction was announced some days ago, but it was only yesterday that COFECO gave details about its decision, explaining that Telcel had charged interconnection fees to terminate calls on the Telcel network that were above the implied charges for calls made within its own network, or even above the final charges Telcel makes to its own customers. The fact that Telcel was a repeat offender motivated the levying of the maximum possible sanction (i.e. 10% of Telcel´s turnover in the preceeding year). We don´t have much more info on this, but since I´ve been asked to write about it in the Mexican press, it´s quite likely that we´ll discuss the case more in depth in the near future.
Welcome back!
The US Senate´s Antitrust Agenda (and a false debate)
Herb Kohl, the Democratic Senator chairing the US Senate Subcommittee on Antitrust, Competition Policy, and Consumer Rights announced yesterday the Subcommittee´s agenda for the next session of Congress.
The leitmotiv of the agenda is the idea that vigorous antitrust enforcement plays a vital role in ensuring consumer welfare. In particular, it appears that the Senate has its eyes set on the freight railroad industry; prescription drugs; gasoline, natural gas and oil markets; agriculture; media/Cable/satellite; airline competition; the broadband industry; and health care organizations.
In addition to those, some of the items in this agenda might affect EU competition law:
First, Kohl insists on the necessity of a statutory prohibition of resale price maintenance, arguing that the Supreme Court´s decision in Leegin “has the potential to seriously harm discount pricing and retail competition“.
Second, there is a specific mention to online markets and internet search issues. The Senate appears to be ready to conduct hearings on Google´s allegedly discriminatory practices in parallel to the investigation conducted by the European Commission (which we´ve covered here, here, or here), and, in clear reference to the Google/ITA Software controversy, also asserts its willingness to “closely examine the impact of further acquisitions in this sector“. It could be interesting to see how these two investigations overlap and affect each other.
Thirdly, and somehow related to the last point, is the Senate´s committment to “continue to examine closely how U.S. multinational companies have been affected by different antitrust regimes in various countries“. This is also a debate with which we´ve dealt before and that, to be frank, still perplexes me. I will explain why in a second.
But first, let´s make clear that, to be sure, Kohl´s agenda appears to be fair in referring to the varios viewpoints that have been expressed on this issue. The document reads as follows:
“Complying with the antitrust laws of different countries, which often have differing substantive and procedural rules, is increasingly becoming a burden on U.S. businesses. Over the past several years, foreign and in particular European regulators have been aggressive in their review of American companies’ business practices. Some have argued that these same foreign regulators have unfairly used their power to discriminate and hinder American corporations. On the other hand, many times those bringing complaints regarding the business practices of American companies to foreign antitrust enforcement agencies have been other American companies. Further, advocates of aggressive international enforcement argue that this enforcement is warranted. Exploring the validity of these claims will be an important priority for the Subcommittee”.
It´s shocking to see how widespread this idea that the Commission only targets US firms is, and how little factual support it has. Here are some reasons why I think that this whole debate should be a non-issue:
– It is a fact that in recent years the European Commission´s stance in some areas, particularly on abuse of dominance cases, has been tougher than that of US agencies (especially under the Bush administration). You may or may not agree with the Commission´s viewpoints ( I, for one, certainly don´t share a lot of the reasoning behind the Microsoft cases and the Google investigation), but it´s clear to me that if US firms are the main targets of such investigations it´s mainly because in most cases US firms are the dominant players worldwide. In fact, I wish more European firms were in a position to be subject to similar investigations in the US…
– European companies have to live with the precedents set by the Commission and the EU Courts and shape their strategy according to it. Consequently, if the law were really irrational or established excessively low thresholds for competition law intervention, as some claim, that would mainly be to the detriment of the competitiveness of EU companies.
– In spite of what the record fines on abuse of dominance cases may suggest, the reality is that fines on foreign companies, and US companies for that matter, represent a very small percentage of the total fines imposed by the Commission.
– In contrast to the above, fines on non-US firms represent nowadays the lion´s share of the the total fines imposed by US agencies. An illustration: it has been reported that in the past few years 80% of the fines above $ 10 million have been imposed on foreign firms.
– On the merger side, everyone recalls all the fuzz related to the prohibition decision in GE/Honeywell. But has anyone checked how many other acquisitions by US companies have been prohibited by the European Commission?
– Lastly, if many US antitrust lawyers believe that the Commission only goes after US companies that may be due to the fact that they only mostly pay attention to cases concerning US companies. One should remember, for instance, that the Commission has not only sanctioned Microsoft and Intel for abusive conduct, but also Tomra, Astra Zeneca, Deutsche Telekom, Telefónica, British Airways, to name only a handful of the most recent ones.
Upcoming competition law seminars in Madrid
The level of the Annual EU and Spanish Competition Law course directed by Luis Ortiz in Madrid keeps getting better each year (and it´s now on its 14th edition..). It really is hard to find a program with so many excellent speakers participating on it. Let me give you an example:
The seminar which took place last week was coordinated by Cecilio Madero (Director General at DG COMP), and focused on novelties in the areas of mergers and abusive conduct. Amongst the speakers were Per Helmström (Head of Unit at DG COMP), Nicholas Banasevic (Deputy Head of Unit), Milan Kristof (Référendaire at the ECJ), Ainhoa Veiga (Partner, Araoz y Rueda), Antonio Guerra (Counsel, Uría Menéndez), Juan Jiménez-Laiglesia (Partner, DLA Piper) and Miguel Odriozola (Partner, Clifford Chance).
Yesterday and today another bunch of top-notch speakers such as José Luis Buendía (Partner, Garrigues), Piet Jan Slot (Professor, Leiden University), Jerónimo Maillo (San Pablo CEU University), Carlos Urraca (Legal Service, European Commission), Joaquín Fernández (Head of Unit, DG COMP) or Jorge Piernas (EUI), amongst others, have been dealing with state aids and other public interventions.
Here comes the advertising: If you´re sorry you missed those, and fancy the idea of spending a spring weekend in Madrid you can still register for the last two seminars:
– On the 18th of March I will be coordinating a seminar on the application of competition law to network industries. It will feature:
Jarleth Burke (Partner at Jones Day, London) who will be speaking about the regulation and competition law in the telecoms sector;
Júlia Samsó (Latham&Watkins, London), who will deal with the specificities of the energy sector;
Jasper Sluijs (Tilburg Law and Economics Centre), an expert on network neutrality issues;
Myself, for an overview of the challenges posed by network effects and network industries.
– On the 25th of March there will be another seminar on IP and Competition law coordinated by Alvaro Ramos (Senior corporate counsel at Cisco). Its three sessions will deal with
“Excessive pricing and copyrights” with Daniel Escoda (Telefónica), and Pablo Hernández (SGAE);
“Standards and Competition Law” with Jennifer Vasta (Senior Legal Counsel, Qualcomm); Miguel Rato (Partner, Shearman&Sterling) and Álvaro Ramos;
“Competition Law in Cloud Computing“, with Jean Yves Art (General Counsel EMEA Microsoft), Tero Louko (Antitrust Counsel, Google), and Luis Ortiz Blanco (Partner, Garrigues).
There are very few seats left, but if anyone´s interested in registering (half prize for those coming outside of Spain) or obtaining more info, you can write here competencia@ieb.es
Conflicting views on the Google/ITA Software deal
Last week I mentioned here the White Paper issued by the American Antitrust Institute on Google´s proposed acquisition of ITA Software. As you will recall, the AAI concluded that the deal would give rise to competitive concerns that made antitrust intervention necessary. As practically all Google-related debates, this one is fast getting huge, and extremely interesting.
On the one hand, the anti-Google “Fair Search” coalition has created a web page stating all the reasons why the deal would harm consumers in every conceivable way. You may or may not agree with it, but one must admit that they´re doing a pretty good job in speading their message around (this is a consequence of what I meant when I said here that Google has tough and very powerful competitors, who have the incentives and the means to present a fierce battle in as many fronts as possible).
We´ve given you the link to the AAI´s White Paper and to the Fair Search web page, both of which favor close scrutiny of this transaction. The picture would not be complete if we didn´t direct you to some of the arguments explaining why the acquisition of ITA by Google would actually be procompetitive. Daniel Crane, a Professor at Michigan Law School, has just written a guest post on the blog Techcrunch.com in which he does that exactly; he also sends a very clear message: “Let´s calm down on the Google-ITA deal” (thanks go to George Pedakakis for pointing us to it).
Crane´s main point is that “Google’s competitors naturally fear Google’s emergence as a formidable rival in travel search, but that is hardly a reason to block the transaction. Indeed, it’s a reason to approve the deal. The most likely scenario is that Google’s acquisition of ITA would allow Google a quick and efficient entry point into travel search that would expand consumer options and increase rather than decrease competition“. His post also responds to the main allegations put forward by those opposing the deal.
Now that you´ve a complete picture of the main positions in this debate we´d be happy to know about any thoughts our readers may have on this matter. Anyone?
Unrelated: We are also reporting more and important moves in the Brussels legal market: a bunch of great associates have also left Howrey to join Shearman&Sterling. Amongst them are some of the brightest young lawyers around (some of whom are also very good friends of ours), such as Mark English, Elvira Aliende, Louise Rabeux, or Marixenia Davilla.
And a chillin´leak: Julian Joshua is apparently headed to Steptoe & Johnson
It´s shocking to see how what until very recently was a top-notch practice at Howrey´s has disintegrated so quickly. Looking at the positive side: there will be more empty tables at L´arte di, which is were we constantly ran into each other at lunchtime..
More competition related entertainment
Our readers are proposing some additional nominations as well as the creation of a new categores for comic books and online games. We are obedient guys and we do what we´re asked, so we´re now beyond movies and looking for nominations on competition entertainment…
Best animated feature
A brief history of the creation of the FTC
Best online game
A visit to the mall, by the FTC
Best competition law comics
Two mangas by the Competition Commission of Singapore: Foiled (Abuse of dominance) and Fixed (price fixing)
O Cartel da Limonada, by the Brazilian Ministry for Justice
Io Non Abbocco, by the Italian Competition Authority
La Breve Storia di Borgo Allegro, by the Italian Competition Authority
Una Brutta Sorpresa, also by the Italian Competition Authority (I´m sure they work on other stuff too over there)
The info on the comics is available at the ICN Blog (thanks a lot to Kartellblog for the pointer!). I´ve actually found quite interesting info in there. An example: anyone interested in doing competition law research in Fiji?
Chillin'Competition 