Chillin'Competition

Relaxing whilst doing Competition Law is not an Oxymoron

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Morning readings

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In reading Commissioner Almunia’s latest speech, I thought to myself: did he changed jobs?

Or is he already campaigning for a position as Internal Market Commissioner ahead of the European elections?

I mean half of the speech is devoted to the banking union and other regulatory issues in the banking sector.

I also read Commissioner Almunia’s antepenultiam speech on the digital economy.

And here I thought to myself: some things never change.

In particular, the sticky, erroneous perception that patents are akin to monopoly.

The reasoning is not straightforward. It comes in two stages.

Stage 1. Introduce an exotic concept (here “gatekeeper“):

“We can distinguish different types of gatekeepers in the online world: search engines, patent holders, network operators, and operating systems”.

Stage 2. Equate the new concept with “dominance”:

“One of the priorities of competition control is to ensure that dominant firms and gatekeepers do not abuse their positions”

A reminder: this is nothing new. In 2004, Microsoft had already been labelled a gatekeeper.

Written by Nicolas Petit

19 November 2013 at 10:00 am

Posted in Uncategorized

ChillinLeak (for real)

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There’s competition law everywhere,

Even in the stockpile of US diplomatic cables revealed by Wikileaks.

A document published by Wikilieaks reveals that in 2009, the US were concerned of the influence of the EU on the shaping of competition policies in Africa (through the Africomp programme).

“The United States may wish to consider becoming a donor member of AFRICOMP in terms of providing in-kind donations in the form of expert advice. Such advice could support the development of effective competition policies in Africa and ensure that European views on competition policy are not the only ones heard by AFRICOMP”

Thanks to my assistant Norman (and now fellow blogger) for the pointer.

 

Written by Nicolas Petit

18 November 2013 at 6:03 pm

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Best Conference on Antitrust Damages to Date

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Antitrust Damages in EU Law and Policy

Brussels, 7 and 8 November 2013

Join the GCLC for its 9th annual conference and get first-hand guidance on the interests at stake at a crucial moment of the decision-making process before the European Parliament and the Council.

Vice-President Almunia, academics, DG COMP and Legal Service officials, national civil servants, national and EU judges, business people and competition specialists will debate, comment on their expectations and how they hope to overcome the final hurdles.

Location:
Residence Palace
Rue de la Loi, 155

1040, Brussels

Written by Nicolas Petit

4 November 2013 at 9:56 am

Posted in Events, Uncategorized

Game Changer: Wathelet’s Opinion in Telefonica

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And today, the best of the CJEU’s recent output: AG Wathelet’s Opinion in Telefonica v. Commission, C‑295/12 P (in French):

24. Un argument est souvent soulevé à l’encontre de l’approche préconisée dans les présentes conclusions, à savoir que Tribunal ne doit ou ne peut pas «s’immiscer» dans la fixation de l’amende, et de ce fait dans la politique de la concurrence, qui relève de la seule responsabilité de la Commission. Je ne partage pas ce raisonnement dès lors que le Tribunal ne se prononce que sur une affaire particulière. La Commission garde donc toutes ses compétences pour définir et appliquer sa politique générale dans d’autres dossiers.

125. Je déduis de ce qui précède et plus particulièrement sur la base des points 62 de l’arrêt Chalkor/Commission, précité, et 129 de l’arrêt KME Germany e.a./Commission, précité, que, à mon sens, lors de son contrôle, le Tribunal ne saurait s’appuyer sur la marge d’appréciation dont dispose la Commission ou la seule erreur manifeste d’appréciation qu’elle aurait commise en ce qui concerne le choix des éléments pris en considération lors de l’application des critères mentionnés dans les lignes directrices de 1998 ou l’évaluation de ces éléments, pour renoncer à exercer un contrôle approfondi tant de droit que de fait ou ne pas exiger que la Commission explique le changement de sa politique d’amende dans une affaire spécifique.

126. En tout état de cause, selon la jurisprudence de la Cour – même si le Tribunal peut à la limite, le cas échéant, se référer «au ‘pouvoir d’appréciation’, à la ‘marge d’appréciation substantielle’ ou à la ‘large marge d’appréciation’ de la Commission [ce que selon moi il ne devrait plus faire], de telles mentions [ne peuvent] pas empêch[er] le Tribunal d’exercer le contrôle plein et entier, en droit et en fait, auquel il est tenu» (63) (c’est moi qui souligne).

127. Au point 78 de son arrêt Chalkor/Commission, précité, la Cour juge que «le Tribunal ne s’est pas limité à ce contrôle de conformité aux lignes directrices, mais a contrôlé lui-même, au point 145 de l’arrêt attaqué, l’adéquation de la sanction».

128. La Cour a aussi rappelé dans l’arrêt SCA Holding/Commission (64) que «le Tribunal est compétent pour apprécier, dans le cadre du pouvoir de pleine juridiction qui lui est reconnu par les articles 172 du traité CE [désormais article 261 TFUE] et 17 du règlement n° 17 [article 31 du règlement n° 1/2003], le caractère approprié du montant des amendes. Cette dernière appréciation peut justifier la production et la prise en considération d’éléments complémentaires d’information dont la mention dans la décision n’est pas comme telle requise en vertu de l’obligation de motivation prévue à l’article 190 du traité [désormais article 296 TFUE]» (c’est moi qui souligne).

129. Le Tribunal doit donc estimer par lui-même si l’amende est adéquate et proportionnée et est obligé de constater par lui-même que tous les éléments pertinents aux fins du calcul de l’amende ont été effectivement pris en considération par la Commission, étant entendu que le Tribunal doit également être à ce titre en mesure de revenir aux faits et aux circonstances avancés par les requérants devant lui (65).

 

Written by Nicolas Petit

25 October 2013 at 2:43 pm

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New Blog – Emulation/Innovation

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My assistant Norman has just started a blog on competition and IP law (in French).

To all the readers of this blog who understand French: subscribe to his feed!

I am sure you’ll find it surprising and insightful.

Congrats to Norman for growing the competition blogging family.

Written by Nicolas Petit

21 October 2013 at 1:44 pm

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Collective Amnesia

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The forgotten reason why national competition laws should – literally – not exist.

Article 3 TFEU: 1. The Union shall have exclusive competence in the following areas: (b) the establishing of the competition rules necessary for the functioning of the internal market;

Or why they should be abolished when the internal market will be effective (will it ever?).

Written by Nicolas Petit

18 October 2013 at 2:07 pm

Posted in Uncategorized

Remedy

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Assuming that the whole fuzz around the Google investigation is about tactics seeking to abusively deny search scale to rivals, the remedy to restore competition may not be where the Commission and parties are eyeing.

A less intrusive remedy for Google (and its rivals) exists: Unwind the commitment imposed on Microsoft in 2009 to pre-install competing browsers and in particular Mozilla which has Google as the default search engine.

With this Mozilla, and in turn Google, will lose some traction in search.

A possible alternative would be to force Google to install a “search engine ballot screen” in Chrome to overcome end users’ inertia when placing search words in the engine. One could also think of forcing Mozilla to have Bing as its default search engine for a certain share of the market.  But this, clearly would be less acceptable to Google.

The bottom-line: there’s more than one option to improve competition in internet search.

 

Written by Nicolas Petit

7 October 2013 at 1:46 pm

NYT

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Lucky me, I made it to the NYT again, on the Google investigation. See here.

To be honest, my quote is very lame.

I had a better one though. But it did not make it through.

James Kanter reveals it on twitter: ‘Enforcers risk becoming Don Quixote figures, tilting at windmills.

The point is: 4 years to solve a high-tech case under a settlement, come on…

4 years ago, Nokia was the worlwide leader in handsets. And Blackberry was the dominant smartphone player.

In those sectors, 4 years is an eternity…

And antitrust enforcers may not be far from Quixote, who fell into the illusion that he was fighting a cause that matters, i.e. fighting giants which in reality were innocuous windmills.

Written by Nicolas Petit

2 October 2013 at 7:34 pm

Posted in Uncategorized

A question to our readers

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Last week at the BSC, Benoit Durand and myself were asked a question that we could not answer.

Does any formal EU act govern the appointment, mission and duties of the Chief Economist? If so, is this act available and where?

Our best guess was that there must be something, as for the decision setting out the function and terms of reference of the hearing officer (see here). But given that we had never seen it, we guessed that it was not publicly available.

We promised we’d do our best this week to get ahold of it.

So if any reader has it or knows how to get it, please let us know.

 

 

Written by Nicolas Petit

1 October 2013 at 7:18 am

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The Case for some Formalism in Rules of Competition Law

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Our economist friends often believe that legal formalism is useless.

I have personally complained about the bad influence that formalistic lawyers had in competition proceedings.

Now, “assume” an economist had written the Treaty rules on Competition. This would give something like:

  • Article 101 TFEU: Anticompetitive coordination is unlawful.
  • Article 102 TFEU: Anticompetitive foreclosure is unlawful.

With such loose rules, the economic cost of enforcing the law would skyrocket. And so would the economic cost of complying with the law.

The sole saving achieved would be the ink saved in printing and reprinting the Treaty.

Or why too little legal formalism is economically inefficient.

Written by Nicolas Petit

30 September 2013 at 4:08 pm

Posted in Uncategorized